I don't think there has been a definitive study, but it is generally
accepted that cats communicats a great deal using body language, they do
vocalise to each other a little, and also have scent to send certain
messages.

There are some tail basics; a fat puffed up tail shows a threatened cat,
tail held upright and curled at the top is a happy interested cat, tail
swishing madly from side to side is cat about to pounce! You can find
numerous articles about this on the net.

Vocalisations seem to be fairly limited between cats; mothers make a
chirping sound (a bit like pigeons) to their kittens to get their attention
or get them to follow them; cats squaring up for a fight hiss and
"caterwaul" or wail at each other, when they attack the sound can only be
described as a scream, of course they purr when confortable around each
other; actual "miaows" seem to be more reserved for conversations with us,
and each cat will develop it's own range of vocalisations depending on which
work the quickest with their human companion; studies have shown the cat's
potential range of vocalisations to be huge; well beyond most animals, but
the uses of it seem fairly random; I guess they're primarily solitary
animals and have never needed to develop much in the way of communication
with each other beyond the basics. Smell, as with most animals, carries a
range of information about sex, mood, breeding capacity, and health.

I'm pretty sure I read about a few attempts to create a "miaow" translator,
but it just proved to be impossible to separate many miaows from each other;
you could detect different auditory patterns, but the notes ended up looking
like; "mmmmiiiiaaaoow = 'let me out',  miaoowwwwww = 'let me in'"; as you
can imagine the research stopped pretty quickly! Another thing I saw
recently was by a scientist that theorised the domestic cat is evolving a
more vocal language because of its several thousand year contact with
humans, but there were also many scientists contesting it!

Steve