Cat Forum / Health and Behavior / February 2004
Help for mental problem?
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Msrebug - 26 Feb 2004 00:34 GMT My mother's cat has never been right since she grew up from a kitten. She is about 7 now. She has been treated with nothing but love when my mother adopted her from a kitten, but has always been aloof, afraid of things, and won't let anyone pet her. Now, she has recently been attacking my mother for no reason. My mother just doesn't know what to do. My mother loves animals but has had no pleasure from this cat for 7 years, has tried to love her but nothing works and it depresses my mother because of the rejection. She is at the point of giving the cat to a rescue place, now because of the attacks. I don't think this cat is adoptable. She must have experienced some trauma before the adoption, but should my mother do? My mother is elderly and at her wits end.
m. L. Briggs - 26 Feb 2004 00:53 GMT >My mother's cat has never been right since she grew up from a kitten. She is >about 7 now. She has been treated with nothing but love when my mother adopted [quoted text clipped - 6 lines] >is adoptable. She must have experienced some trauma before the adoption, but >should my mother do? My mother is elderly and at her wits end. As much as we would like to, we cannot save them all. If the cat is actually attacking your mother, then she must be removed from the home. Let the experts at the rescue group decide if she is re=trainable. Good luck.
kaeli - 26 Feb 2004 15:09 GMT > As much as we would like to, we cannot save them all. If the cat is > actually attacking your mother, then she must be removed from the > home. Let the experts at the rescue group decide if she is > re=trainable. Good luck. I agree, only because the mother is elderly (I assume, from the use of the term, that Mom is over 70 and is beginning to have health problems herself, doesn't "get around like she used to", and all the other issues that come with aging). I think the cat has issues, but is retrainable with a lot of time and patience and probably medication (assuming she isn't physically ill). I think Kitty needs behavior therapy and an environment where if she doesn't want to be touched, she doesn't have to be. Your Mom probably wants a companion and the stress of an aggressive animal coupled with trying to introduce another cat as a companion might be too much.
My guess is that a cycle of unwanted attention (no matter how loving) has led the cat to become aggressive at the slightest inkling that unwanted attention is about to be bestowed (even Mom looking at her could set her off). Just a guess, since I haven't even seen the cat or anything.
Do try to contact a rescue group that will take the cat - this animal is not adoptable and would be put down at any typical shelter. Even "no- kill" shelters often euthanize aggressive animals. The rescue would have to know the cat is aggressive and agree to try to work with her.
Also, do get her checked by a vet. Chronic health problems that cause pain can make the sweetest cat into a very grumpy kitty. If she was declawed, have them x-ray her feet. A botched declaw can cause bone malformations and claw regrowth inside the feet and this condition is not detectable with normal yearly physicals.
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zuzu22@webtv.net - 26 Feb 2004 15:56 GMT ML Briggs wrote:
>As much as we would like to, we cannot >save them all. If the cat is actually >attacking your mother, then she must be >removed from the home. Let the experts >at the rescue group decide if she is >re=trainable. That you are writing this cat off with no knowledge of the circumstances or details about what is happening in the home is repugnant. There are many things that could be causing this behavior and depending on the cause, many options for dealing with it and makng things better. Expecting a rescue group to take on an aggressive cat is extremely unrealistic, and most don't have the experience, knowledge, time or resources to deal with one. I have had many experiences with aggressive cats and have always found a way to resolve the issue without dumping the cat on someone else and expecting them to deal with it.
Megan
 Signature
"The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing."
-Edmund Burke
Learn The TRUTH About Declawing http://www.stopdeclaw.com
Zuzu's Cats Photo Album: http://www.PictureTrail.com/zuzu22
"Concerning all acts of initiative (and creation), there is one elementary truth the ignorance of which kills countless ideas and splendid plans: that the moment one definitely commits oneself, then providence moves too. A whole stream of events issues from the decision, raising in one's favor all manner of unforeseen incidents, meetings and material assistance, which no man could have dreamt would have come his way."
- W.H. Murray
jazzy - 26 Feb 2004 16:53 GMT Then privately email Mrsebug and give her some advice instead of bashing M.L. Briggs for stating his/her opinion of what she should do since you are so "knowledgeable" and have had so much "experience"!!!!! The woman has had the cat for 7 years, is now attacking her mother and is at her wits end. Re-read her post!! She has loved the cats for years, received no affection from the cat and is depressed from the cat rejecting her after 7 years and she is also an "elderly woman". Geez.
Everyone is not a perfect as you zuzu22.
> ML Briggs wrote: > >As much as we would like to, we cannot [quoted text clipped - 37 lines] > > - W.H. Murray zuzu22@webtv.net - 26 Feb 2004 17:54 GMT > Then privately email Mrsebug and give > her some advice instead of bashing M.L. > Briggs for stating his/her opinion of > what she should do since you are so > "knowledgeable" and have had so much > "experience"!!!!! If you actually read the thread before spouting off you would see that I did. You also seem to be forgetting that this is a public newsgroup and people are free to comment on what occurs in any given thread. Despite your net nannying I'll post as I please.
>The woman has had the > cat for 7 years, is now attacking her [quoted text clipped - 4 lines] > rejecting her after 7 years and she is > also an "elderly woman". I saw this. What the OP didn't write was if the cat had been to a vet, circumstances surrounding the behavior, when it started, what was happening in the home at that time, etc.,etc. There are many reasons why this behavior could be happening, especially since it had a sudden onset. Telling someone to write their cat off without making any inquiries as to what might be causing the problem at hand *is* repugnant, and is of the "throw it away and just get a new one" mentality. While you may approve of that, I don't and will say so.
Megan
 Signature
"The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing."
-Edmund Burke
Learn The TRUTH About Declawing http://www.stopdeclaw.com
Zuzu's Cats Photo Album: http://www.PictureTrail.com/zuzu22
"Concerning all acts of initiative (and creation), there is one elementary truth the ignorance of which kills countless ideas and splendid plans: that the moment one definitely commits oneself, then providence moves too. A whole stream of events issues from the decision, raising in one's favor all manner of unforeseen incidents, meetings and material assistance, which no man could have dreamt would have come his way."
- W.H. Murray
Hagar - 27 Feb 2004 03:51 GMT > ML Briggs wrote: > >As much as we would like to, we cannot [quoted text clipped - 16 lines] > > Megan I assume that this means you are willing to adopt this cat.
Good for you!
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Cheryl - 27 Feb 2004 04:19 GMT >> I have had many experiences with aggressive cats and have > always found a [quoted text clipped - 7 lines] > > Good for you! That isn't exactly what someone should conclude when reading experiences of others with aggresive animals. The post meant that things like this can be resolved if you have the patience, love, and open-mindedness to try to resolve it. I take a lot of offense at people who want to give up on aggressive animals. It reminds me too much of the kids today who run rampant because their parents can't handle them, or don't care to. With kids, you can't "give them away" even if you want to sometimes. I'm dealing with an aggressive cat and I think I had a breakthrough tonight as to why he is acting the way he is now, but no answers as to what to do about it. Yet. I would never give up on him. (these last comments don't have anything to do with the OP)
I don't know what to say to the OP. Her (his?) mother is elderly and I can understand it is scary to deal with them when they attack. I'm not elderly but I've been scared of my cat at times. I think the vet should be involved. There are drugs even if we don't like to resort to them, some need them. Maybe there is something external prompting it. A cat outside? Diversions like a laser pointer work when you remember to carry it around with you (maybe there is a reason the designers put a keychain clasp thing on it?) Providing lots of interesting toys (and some just plain ones easy to fling around and chase down) and a cat tree or at least places for kitty to jump up to where he knows he is king of it helps. And just plain setting aside some time to play with him interactively with a feather/stick toy wears them out enough to make them take a rest for a while, and you need only swing a stick. :)
Coming into a conversation out of nowhere with your comment doesn't help.
Wendy - 27 Feb 2004 13:23 GMT Anonymous-Remailer@See.Comment.Header (Hagar) dumped this in news:5GUI292F38044.2022685185@anonymous.poster on 26 Feb 2004:
>> I have had many experiences with aggressive cats and have > always found a [quoted text clipped - 7 lines] > > Good for you! That isn't exactly what someone should conclude when reading experiences of others with aggresive animals. The post meant that things like this can be resolved if you have the patience, love, and open-mindedness to try to resolve it. I take a lot of offense at people who want to give up on aggressive animals. It reminds me too much of the kids today who run rampant because their parents can't handle them, or don't care to. With kids, you can't "give them away" even if you want to sometimes. I'm dealing with an aggressive cat and I think I had a breakthrough tonight as to why he is acting the way he is now, but no answers as to what to do about it. Yet. I would never give up on him. (these last comments don't have anything to do with the OP)
I don't know what to say to the OP. Her (his?) mother is elderly and I can understand it is scary to deal with them when they attack. I'm not elderly but I've been scared of my cat at times. I think the vet should be involved. There are drugs even if we don't like to resort to them, some need them. Maybe there is something external prompting it. A cat outside? Diversions like a laser pointer work when you remember to carry it around with you (maybe there is a reason the designers put a keychain clasp thing on it?) Providing lots of interesting toys (and some just plain ones easy to fling around and chase down) and a cat tree or at least places for kitty to jump up to where he knows he is king of it helps. And just plain setting aside some time to play with him interactively with a feather/stick toy wears them out enough to make them take a rest for a while, and you need only swing a stick. :)
Coming into a conversation out of nowhere with your comment doesn't help.
Situations like this make a good argument for adopting adult cats. You know what you are getting then.
That said, I wonder if this situation might just be a build up of "bad blood" between these two. It seems the OP is disappointed because the cat isn't the snuggle bug she had hoped for. The cat could be picking up on the owners ambivalence and acting out.
If it was my cat I'd ask the vet for options to improve the relationship.
Has anyone had any success bringing a "shy" cat out of their shell? Or is the trick just being happy letting kitty set the pace of interaction and accepting that they need their space?
W
Meghan Noecker - 28 Feb 2004 10:14 GMT I've missed all the previous posts, so I don't know of any of the specifics of the cases, but here goes.
One of the most important things to do is figure out the reason something is happening. It could be a change in the group dynamics (new cat), a territorial issue, misplaced agression (seeing a cat through the window), etc.
Most of the work is to replace the old behavior with the new behavior. You have to break the cycle and set it up so that that it works. The best way to do this is trhough conditioning.
I will give two examples that I have experienced. These are specific cases, and each case will be different, but perhaps it will give some suggestions for solutions to similar problems.
The first is the case of Maynard and Tov.
This problem started about 11 years ago. This was the last litter of kittens in our home, and Tov was the mother cat. Maynard has always been a wimp around kittens, so he took one look, squealed, and ran. Tov, being a protective mom, as well as seeing prey-like behavior, attacked him. And from there, it became a disaster. Tov would attack on sight, and Maynard would run on sight. It got to the point where Maynard was always hiding, even in my room at night when the door was closed. And Tov was the bitch kitty from hell.
So, what to do? Well, first, I seperated them. This was fairly easy since Tov was my mom's cat and lived upstairs, and Maynard is my cat, and we live in the basement. So, the door was closed 24/7 with a sign on it. Only my animals allowed down, and Maynard was not allowed upstairs. This was to re-establish my bedroom as a safe place for Maynard. It took a couple weeks for him to relax in my room, and he was terrified if carried up the stairs partway. I waited until he was trying to go upstairs before I did take him up there.
So, onto the next step. Creating positive experiences in neutral territory. What I would do was lock Tov in a bedroom and give Maynard the run of the house. For over a month, he was spooky. He would run and hide. but he was never attacked since Tov was locked away. So, we were creating a situation where he was upstairs yet safe. Only after he was completely confortable with this did I go to the next step.
Let the cats see each other. I started by carrying Maynard while Tov was loose in the room. Man, she had an evil look. And Maynard would tense and try to run. But I would not let him. This is why I held him. He had to learn not to run, and she had to learn not to chase. And they were each creating the reason. She chased because he ran, and he ran because she chased. They BOTH had to relearn the behaviors.
Later, when he was relaxed when held, and she seemd to be able to ignore him a bit, I decided to go to the next step. The idea was to contain her and let him loose. This step worked much better than planned. We were going to put her on a leash, but she didn't know what to do with the harness. She fell over and refused to move. So, we left her like that in the living room. Eventually, she slithered under the couch. So, for awhile, we would just put the halter on her and let Maynard loose. He saw Tov "free" but not attacking.
Later, we did release both completely free, but for limited times, and fully supervised. Only after we were completely convinced did we leave them alone unspervised.
This whole process took about 8 months. It probably would have gone faster if I had more work into daily sessions, but I was not in a hurry, I would rather go slower anyway.
Tove died about 2 years ago, so the two lived together peacefully after that for about 8 years.
The second example, and one that we only just recently started to address. Kira and Chase. Can you guess the problem?
Kira is 11 years old, and Chase is 3 years old. He loves to chase, and Kira is his favorite victim. He does go after Maynard, but not as badly. He swears and screams, so he isn't very entertaining. Kira is the drama queen. She has the fluffiest tail, and it is always moving. I would compare it to a squirrel's tail, and that is probably why Chase is so fixated on her.
He has always chased her, but recently it got worse. He chases her every night, but the fur has been flying more. He doesn't just chase, but pins her down. And last month, she was coevered with scabs. Something has to change.
So, we decided on a course of action. Break the cycle. We'll put both cats on harnesses and leashes, and we will set up situations where they will have to be near each other without attacking. The idea was that we could control their proximity by the leashes, and they will learn not to chase and run.
Well, it turned out to be easier than that. We started with the harnesses. Kira was walking pretty funny, but she seemed to adapt pretty well to it. She was getting around just fine.
But Chase? Get out the video camera. Running backwards, falling over, slinking everywhere in a long low crouch. Even a week later.
Nevermind the leashes. With that harness on, he thinks he can't do much. He climbs rather than jumping. He sleeps more. He sleeps on my nephew (which he rarely does), and he behaves. It's like a hand holding him back.
So, we started putting it on him at night. We figure when gets used to it, then we can add in the leash, but for now, this works great.
The other night, I didn't put it on. Late at night, he chased Kira. I calmly walked over, picked him up, and put on the halter. No problems for the rest of the night. He wasn't punished. He just needed a reminder.
The last couple of nights, I have not used it. I am sure it is not cured yet, but there has been dramatic improvement. And we never leave it on overnight or when we are gone. Just when we are there.
I would recommend this as a way to work with agressive cats. If they feel restricted enough, then the harness acts like an invisible fence, holding them back and teaching them a new way to behave.
With Chase, we think of it is his halo. When his "halo" falls off his head, then he gets to wear it. And then he is Angel Boy, so nicely behaved.
And Kira is watching him come close and behave, so she is learning to relax and not run all the time.
Meghan & the Zoo Crew Equine and Pet Photography http://www.zoocrewphoto.com
Wendy - 28 Feb 2004 12:18 GMT I've missed all the previous posts, so I don't know of any of the specifics of the cases, but here goes.
One of the most important things to do is figure out the reason something is happening. It could be a change in the group dynamics (new cat), a territorial issue, misplaced agression (seeing a cat through the window), etc.
Most of the work is to replace the old behavior with the new behavior. You have to break the cycle and set it up so that that it works. The best way to do this is trhough conditioning.
I will give two examples that I have experienced. These are specific cases, and each case will be different, but perhaps it will give some suggestions for solutions to similar problems.
The first is the case of Maynard and Tov.
This problem started about 11 years ago. This was the last litter of kittens in our home, and Tov was the mother cat. Maynard has always been a wimp around kittens, so he took one look, squealed, and ran. Tov, being a protective mom, as well as seeing prey-like behavior, attacked him. And from there, it became a disaster. Tov would attack on sight, and Maynard would run on sight. It got to the point where Maynard was always hiding, even in my room at night when the door was closed. And Tov was the bitch kitty from hell.
So, what to do? Well, first, I seperated them. This was fairly easy since Tov was my mom's cat and lived upstairs, and Maynard is my cat, and we live in the basement. So, the door was closed 24/7 with a sign on it. Only my animals allowed down, and Maynard was not allowed upstairs. This was to re-establish my bedroom as a safe place for Maynard. It took a couple weeks for him to relax in my room, and he was terrified if carried up the stairs partway. I waited until he was trying to go upstairs before I did take him up there.
So, onto the next step. Creating positive experiences in neutral territory. What I would do was lock Tov in a bedroom and give Maynard the run of the house. For over a month, he was spooky. He would run and hide. but he was never attacked since Tov was locked away. So, we were creating a situation where he was upstairs yet safe. Only after he was completely confortable with this did I go to the next step.
Let the cats see each other. I started by carrying Maynard while Tov was loose in the room. Man, she had an evil look. And Maynard would tense and try to run. But I would not let him. This is why I held him. He had to learn not to run, and she had to learn not to chase. And they were each creating the reason. She chased because he ran, and he ran because she chased. They BOTH had to relearn the behaviors.
Later, when he was relaxed when held, and she seemd to be able to ignore him a bit, I decided to go to the next step. The idea was to contain her and let him loose. This step worked much better than planned. We were going to put her on a leash, but she didn't know what to do with the harness. She fell over and refused to move. So, we left her like that in the living room. Eventually, she slithered under the couch. So, for awhile, we would just put the halter on her and let Maynard loose. He saw Tov "free" but not attacking.
Later, we did release both completely free, but for limited times, and fully supervised. Only after we were completely convinced did we leave them alone unspervised.
This whole process took about 8 months. It probably would have gone faster if I had more work into daily sessions, but I was not in a hurry, I would rather go slower anyway.
Tove died about 2 years ago, so the two lived together peacefully after that for about 8 years.
The second example, and one that we only just recently started to address. Kira and Chase. Can you guess the problem?
Kira is 11 years old, and Chase is 3 years old. He loves to chase, and Kira is his favorite victim. He does go after Maynard, but not as badly. He swears and screams, so he isn't very entertaining. Kira is the drama queen. She has the fluffiest tail, and it is always moving. I would compare it to a squirrel's tail, and that is probably why Chase is so fixated on her.
He has always chased her, but recently it got worse. He chases her every night, but the fur has been flying more. He doesn't just chase, but pins her down. And last month, she was coevered with scabs. Something has to change.
So, we decided on a course of action. Break the cycle. We'll put both cats on harnesses and leashes, and we will set up situations where they will have to be near each other without attacking. The idea was that we could control their proximity by the leashes, and they will learn not to chase and run.
Well, it turned out to be easier than that. We started with the harnesses. Kira was walking pretty funny, but she seemed to adapt pretty well to it. She was getting around just fine.
But Chase? Get out the video camera. Running backwards, falling over, slinking everywhere in a long low crouch. Even a week later.
Nevermind the leashes. With that harness on, he thinks he can't do much. He climbs rather than jumping. He sleeps more. He sleeps on my nephew (which he rarely does), and he behaves. It's like a hand holding him back.
So, we started putting it on him at night. We figure when gets used to it, then we can add in the leash, but for now, this works great.
The other night, I didn't put it on. Late at night, he chased Kira. I calmly walked over, picked him up, and put on the halter. No problems for the rest of the night. He wasn't punished. He just needed a reminder.
The last couple of nights, I have not used it. I am sure it is not cured yet, but there has been dramatic improvement. And we never leave it on overnight or when we are gone. Just when we are there.
I would recommend this as a way to work with agressive cats. If they feel restricted enough, then the harness acts like an invisible fence, holding them back and teaching them a new way to behave.
With Chase, we think of it is his halo. When his "halo" falls off his head, then he gets to wear it. And then he is Angel Boy, so nicely behaved.
And Kira is watching him come close and behave, so she is learning to relax and not run all the time.
Meghan & the Zoo Crew Equine and Pet Photography http://www.zoocrewphoto.com
Here is the original post, Meghan. The problem is with the owner not another cat. Hopefully you will have some ideas.
My mother's cat has never been right since she grew up from a kitten. She is about 7 now. She has been treated with nothing but love when my mother adopted her from a kitten, but has always been aloof, afraid of things, and won't let anyone pet her. Now, she has recently been attacking my mother for no reason. My mother just doesn't know what to do. My mother loves animals but has had no pleasure from this cat for 7 years, has tried to love her but nothing works and it depresses my mother because of the rejection. She is at the point of giving the cat to a rescue place, now because of the attacks. I don't think this cat is adoptable. She must have experienced some trauma before the adoption, but should my mother do? My mother is elderly and at her wits end.
Meghan Noecker - 29 Feb 2004 03:52 GMT >Here is the original post, Meghan. The problem is with the owner not another >cat. Hopefully you will have some ideas. Has the cat had any vet tests? This sounds a lot like a medical problem - perhaps a pain issue or a brain tumor.
I realize the cat was already aloof, but a sudden change usually means that something changed, either in the situation or internally.
I would definitely work with the vet to see if there are any problems that would be causing this. While 7 is young, there could be some issue that is causing a lot of pain. My sister's cat became very grumpy when his athritis got bad.
I would want to rule out medical issues and then brainstorm back. When did the problem begin. Did anything change. Any person or pet that was there and now gone? Is the cat bored or lonely? Mine attacks when she feels neglected, but she goes back into snuggle mode as soon as you achknowledge her with some time and love.
It could also be something like a new cat hanging around (and visible through the window) or rearranging all the furniture.
Meghan & the Zoo Crew Equine and Pet Photography http://www.zoocrewphoto.com
Laura R. - 26 Feb 2004 01:07 GMT circa 26 Feb 2004 00:34:05 GMT, in rec.pets.cats.health+behav, Msrebug (msrebug@aol.com) said,
> My mother's cat has never been right since she grew up from a kitten. She is > about 7 now. She has been treated with nothing but love when my mother adopted [quoted text clipped - 6 lines] > is adoptable. She must have experienced some trauma before the adoption, but > should my mother do? My mother is elderly and at her wits end. Has your mother talked to a veterinarian about this? About medications (for the cat), perhaps?
Laura
 Signature I am Dyslexia of Borg, Your a.s will be laminated.
Karen Chuplis - 26 Feb 2004 02:34 GMT > My mother's cat has never been right since she grew up from a kitten. She is > about 7 now. She has been treated with nothing but love when my mother adopted [quoted text clipped - 10 lines] > is adoptable. She must have experienced some trauma before the adoption, but > should my mother do? My mother is elderly and at her wits end. Has she been checked medically? If she is healthy, you might consider Feliway. Are there other cats there?
Karen
Alison - 26 Feb 2004 13:52 GMT > My mother's cat has never been right since she grew up from a kitten. She is > about 7 now. She has been treated with nothing but love when my mother adopted [quoted text clipped - 6 lines] > is adoptable. She must have experienced some trauma before the adoption, but > should my mother do? My mother is elderly and at her wits end. Hi , The problem is that although your mother thinks the cat is attacking for no reason , the cat might have *her* reasons . It's very disappointing when a cat doesn't live up to your expectations . All cats are different. I have a cat that is affectionate but doesn't like being picked or cuddled. When my previous dog died , I put too much pressure on my cat and was trying to compensate for my loss . one day I picked her up and cuddled her and she growled at me ; I ignored her and she badly attacked me, which was my fault . A study by the biologist Turner showed that if owners intitiated interaction with their cat, it lasted a shorter time than when the cat intitiated interaction. It might be the cat can't cope with the pressure of your mother wanting to pet her or it could be that something else has frightened the cat and it's redirecting its aggression towards your mother. For now, I suggest your mother backs off from the cat. Is it possible to have a cat behaviourist visit to see how your mother and her cat interact? A vet will recommend one , after a vet check. A behaviourist will be able to assess the situation and give your mother a plan to follow to try to improve the situation Also, read any book by Pam Johnson -bennett. She explains the nature of cats very well and how to deal with tricky situations without using any negative methods, or go to her foum Think like a Cat and read the archives or post this question. http://messageboards.ivillage.com/iv-ptthinkcat?redirCnt=1
It's very possible to improve this situation but perhaps because of its genes or because it wasn't socialised properly as a young kitten , it will be the nature of the cat to be nervous. Feral cats and kittens have been tamed as some of the regulars here will testify. Perhaps they can give you some advice. If the cat goes to a shelter it will have very little chance of finding a home . Perhaps when things improve , may be your mother could adopt a second cat that is more affectionate but they would have to be carefully introduced so as not to put too much stress on the first cat . Alison.
zuzu22@webtv.net - 26 Feb 2004 15:48 GMT Msrebug, I tried to email you but it bounced. Please email me an addy where I can reach you. Thanks.
Megan
 Signature
"The only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing."
-Edmund Burke
Learn The TRUTH About Declawing http://www.stopdeclaw.com
Zuzu's Cats Photo Album: http://www.PictureTrail.com/zuzu22
"Concerning all acts of initiative (and creation), there is one elementary truth the ignorance of which kills countless ideas and splendid plans: that the moment one definitely commits oneself, then providence moves too. A whole stream of events issues from the decision, raising in one's favor all manner of unforeseen incidents, meetings and material assistance, which no man could have dreamt would have come his way."
- W.H. Murray
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